Nutrition Exam Essay Example

Nutrition Exam Paper What is traditionally used to determine intensity of aerobic activity? Heart Rate What is a disease caused by a nutritional deficiency? scurvy, goider, rickets What are some examples of a nutrient? carbohyrates, minerals, vitamins Name the macronutrients? carbs, fats and oils, proteins What nutrient is the most energy dense? Fats Name some micronutrients? vitamins and minerals Vitamins are classified into two groups, ________________ and ___________________. fat-soluble and water-soluble What are four characteristics of a healthful diet ? Adequate, moderate, balanced, variety What is required on all food labels? 1. Statement of Identity 2. Ingredients List 3. Nutritional Facts Panel The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends a minimum of how much moderate activity most days? 30 mins. Foods high in sugar promote what? Obesity, unhealthy diet and body Excess sodium in the diet is linked to ____________________ in some individuals. High Blood Pressure What is nutrient density? Most nutrients for their calories Healthier fat sources include ________ and canola oil. Olive and Canola Oil Hunger is best described as what? Physiological sensation that prompts us to eat. The smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down by natural means are what? Atoms What are the structural levels of the human body organized into (smallest to largest) ? Atomic, Molecular, cellular, tissue, organs, organ system, organism Why are cell membranes called semi permeable? It allows things to enter or leave the cell. What is the powerhouses of the cell that produces energy from food molecule called? Mitochondria What is the term that describes the process by which the foods we eat are broken down into smaller components by either mechanical or chemical means? Digestion What is the role that the liver plays in digestion and absorption of nutrients? 1. Produces Bile 2. Filters Blood (removes toxins) Most digestion and absorption occurs in the _____________________ . Small Intestines. The mechanical and chemical digestion of food is initiated in the ________________ . Mouth Salivary amylase is an ___________________ . Enzyme What are the component of the gastric juices? Hydrochloric Acid, Pepsin, Gastric Lipase, Mucus What is chyme? Partially Digested A primary function of the mucus in the stomach is to do what? Protect the stomach lining What macronutrient is NOT broken down chemically in the stomach? Carbohydrates Proteins that induce chemical changes to speed up body processes are called ? Enzymes Responding to the presence of fat in our meal, the gallbladder releases a substance called __________________ . Bile Which of the organ is responsible for the manufacturing and secretion of insulin and glucagon, as well as many digestive enzymes? Pancreas The fingerlike projections of the small intestine that increase surface area and allow for the absorption of nutrients are called ? Villi In which organ does the majority of water absorption occur? Large Intestine What are probiotics? Live-Microorganisms thought to be healthy for host organsim (Lactic acid bacteria) What are the end product of photosynthesis? Glucose Single units (molecules) of carbohydrates are called ? Monosaccharides The term complex carbohydrates refers what? poly-saccharides (long chains of glucose molecules) Found in liver and skeletal muscle cells, _______________ is the storage form of glucose in animals Glycogen What is gluconeogenesis ? Production of glucose During periods of rest and low intensity activity the body uses ________ as its predominant fuel source. fat In the absence of carbohydrate, ______________ are produced from body fat as an alternative fuel for the brain. ketones The fiber that is manufactured and added to foods and fiber supplements is called ___________________ . Functional Fiber What health benefits are associated with consumption of soluble fibers? 1. Reduce risk of Type 2 Diabetes 2. Helps digestion What is associated with diets high in added sugars? 1. Cavities 2. Obesity 3. Decreased levels of good cholesterol Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body doesnt process __________________ properly. Glucose Why is yogurt tolerated better than milk by many lactase-deficient people? The bacteria in yogurt helps digest the lactose What are lipids? Fats and insoluble in water Most fat in the diet is in the form of ______________________________ . Saturated A fatty acid that contains no double bonds is called what? Trans fat What fatty acid is generally a solid at room temperature? saturated What foods are rich sources of monounsaturated fatty acids? Olive oil and Canola Oil What food is the richest source of omega-3 fatty acids? Salmon (fish) The process of adding hydrogen to an unsaturated fatty acid and creating a more solid fat is called what? Hydrogenation Diets high in trans fatty acids are associated with what problem? Can raise LDL levels What ingredient would alert you to the presence of trans fatty acids in a product? partially hydrogenated or shortening Why are phospholipids NOT an essential nutrient? They are manufactured in our body ____________________ are the key structural component of a cells membrane. Phospholipids The majority of fat digestion and absorption occurs in the ______________________ . Small Intestines To facilitate the digestion of dietary fats, the gallbladder stores and releases a substance known as ________________ . biles Where in the body are the majority of triglycerides stored for future energy needs? Adipose Tissue The longer an individual exercises, the more ___________________ is used for energy. Fat One potential problem with a very low-fat diet is that it may be deficient in _________________________ . Essential Fatty Acids What type of dietary fat is known to elevate blood cholesterol levels? Saturated Fat What is the leading cause of death in the United States? Cardiovascular Disease Diets high in ______________________ have been shown to decrease blood levels of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). Omega-3 Fatty Acids The production of HDL is increased by _________________ . Omega-3 or excercise What element makes protein different from carbohydrate and fat? Nitrogen The ________________________ gives each amino acid its distinct properties. Sidechains Polypeptides are strings of ____________________ amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. 10 or more What food is a source of complete proteins? Chicken In the human body, proteins are found where? Muscle What is the major function of protein in the human body? 1.Building, repairing body tissue 2. Maintaining acid-base balance 3. Maintaining fluids In the stomach, proteins are broken down into smaller peptides by _________________ . Pepsin The process of combining two incomplete proteins to make a complete protein is called what ______________________________ . Mutual Supplementation The type of vegetarian who consumes dairy products but excludes all other types of animal protein, is called a ________________________ . Lacto-vegetarian The proteins that help defend the body against bacteria, toxins and allergens are called what? Antibodies In the absence of adequate dietary carbohydrate the body can breakdown protein to provide glucose to the brain by a process known as what? Gluconeogenesis What best describes denaturation? 1.(Heat) 2. Chemical Reaction that causes a protein to lose its shape and function What is a complete protein? Contains all nine essential amino acids Where does the absorption of proteins occur ? Small Intestine What health problem has been associated with high protein intakes? High Cholesterol ________________ is the waste product that forms when nitrogen is removed from the amine group during amino acid metabolism. Urea What is edema? An abnormal fluid imbalance beneath the skin (swollen) After amino acids are absorbed in the small intestine they are transported by the blood stream directly to the ____________________ Liver What does aerobic mean? With Oxygen What would be the best fluid replacement for events lasting less than one hour? Water What is the primary mechanism by which the human body dissipates heat? (Evaporative Cooling), Sweating, Perspiration To avoid ________ contamination during pregnancy, fish consumption should not exceed 12 ounces a week. Mercury A low-birth-weight infant will weigh how much? less than 5.5 lbs In which trimester of pregnancy is the fetus the most vulnerable to teratogens? 1st A normal-weight woman should gain approximately ________ during pregnancy. 25-35 lbs On average, Americans have a life expectancy that reaches into what age? late 70s What is traditionally used to evaluate the level of intensity of aerobic activity? heart rate What is the FIT principle ? Frequency (how much), Intensity, Time (how long) To achieve muscular fitness it is recommended that training should occur at least how many days? 2-3 days What describes fat-soluble vitamins? 1. Insoluble in water 2. Micronutrients 3. Soluble in fat The best known role that vitamin A plays in the human body is what ? Vision Where do humans obtain vitamin D? Sunlight What is the primary dietary source of vitamin D for humans? Milk What food preparation method would cause the greatest loss of vitamin C? Frying What are rich sources of vitamin C besides citric fruit? Broccoli and Spinach What term is synonymous with the word malignant? Cancerous What is a mineral? Organic Micronutrient The ________ diet has been used successfully to treat hypertension. D.A.S.H. Diets rich in ________ are associated with maintaining healthy blood pressure levels. Potassium The major dietary source of iodine is _____________________ . Table Salt A deficiency of ________ is the most common deficiency worldwide. Iron The spongy bone found within the ends of long bones is called what? Trabecular Bone What is the most abundant mineral in our body? Calcium The majority of our bodys fluoride is stored in the ___________________ .. Teeth and Bones ___ ___ % of an adults healthy body weight is fluid. 50% to 70% The majority of the bodys fluid is found where? Within the cell What is the primary reason we sweat? Regulates Body Temperature What is the function of the cerebrospinal fluid? 1. Protects brain 2. Acts as shock absorber Which organ is primarily responsible for maintaining fluid balance? Kidney Which of the groups are the MOST vulnerable to dehydration? Infants and Elderly ________ is a potentially fatal condition characterized by the failure of the bodys heat-regulating mechanisms. Heat Stroke ________ is a potentially fatal condition characterized by the failure of the bodys heat-regulating mechanisms. Heat Stroke Moderate alcohol consumption has been linked with a reduced risk of what disease? Cardiovascular Disease What athletes would benefit from using a sports drink to meet their hydration needs? Marathon Runner and Long Distance Runner A body weight that exceeds 100% of the normal standard for a given height is called what? Morbid Obesity How is body mass index is determined ? Ratio of body weight to height The three components of total energy expenditure are what? 1. BMR 2. Thermic effect of food 3. How is energy expended An apple-shaped fat pattern increases a persons risk for what diseases? Cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes What assessment technique can be used to evaluate an individuals fat distribution pattern? Waist Circumference What describes the energy balance equation? Energy Intake = Energy Expended Skinfold measurements, underwater weighing, and the Bod Pod ® all measure what? Body Composition What is the set point theory? Your body has a set range that it wants to keep your weight at. What type of weight loss will an individual experience by restricting calories but not increasing his or her level of physical activity? Lean Body Mass Obesity is classified as having a BMI of what? 30-39.9 What best describes an eating disorder? 1. Abnormal eating 2. Atypical eating 3. Anorexia What type of eating disorder is characterized by episodes of bingeing and purging ? Bulimia Nervosa What is exercise? 1. Purposeful 2. Planned 3. Structured Physical Activity The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends engaging in a minimum of ________ minutes of moderate physical activity most days of the week. 30 mins. ____________ is the ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue. Physical Fitness What is meant by the overload principle? The principle of overload states that a greater than normal stress or load on the body is required for training adaptation to take place. The body will adapt to this stimulus. Once the body has adapted then a different stimulus is required to continue the change.